Going over
40 years of electoral democracy in Sikkim
On Saturday, the almost 3.7 lakh voters registered in Sikkim
will get a chance to decide who represents them in the Assembly and in
Parliament for the next five years. It is an important moment for Sikkim and
voters here have always been energetic about exercising their right to vote and
the State has consistently posted very high voter turnouts. Polling can be
expected to be even more frenetic and active this time around, and in about a month,
the world will know how Sikkim voted.
Although making predictions is very tempting, we engage in a
different approach here and go over how Sikkim has voted in the past and what
the important poll issues were in the fray. Going over past electoral performances
is an interesting exercise in itself and viewing them in retrospect, weighing
them against the dominant issues of the time, can also help engage in some
projections on what will happen on 12 April, 2014.
1974 was the first time that the Sikkimese voted to elect
representatives. The voting process was complex and the deciding of winners
even more so, but this was still a major victory achieved by the LD Kazi led
Sikkim National Congress. Sikkim, after all was not ignorant of the arrival of
electoral democracy in India, and the SNC was rewarded for its achievement
secured for the people with a clean sweep – it bagged 31 of the 32 seats, with
the Sikkim National Party winning only one seat.
This pre-merger council was allowed to continue as the Legislative
Assembly of Sikkim after 1975 and the next elections – the first as a part of
democratic India were held in 1979. This was an interesting election. The
present president of the Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee, Nar Bahadur
Bhandari, was fronting the Sikkim Janata Parishad at the time. He was campaigning
on the plank of de-merger. Also the same year, a Bill seeking amendments to
prepare Sikkim for its first elections as a part of India was placed in the
Parliament. This Bill, which was to become infamous as the “Black Bill”,
released the seats reserved for the Nepali community in the Assembly as general
seats. The LD Kazi Government, already on extension, collapsed over night and the
dissolution of the Nepali seats became an emotive political issue.
It thus so transpired that there were two major issue in the
air in 1979, each promoted by a different political outfit and the results
reflected this. The Bhandari-led SJP struck the halfway mark with MLAs, winning
in 16 constituencies. RC Poudyal’s Sikkim Congress [Revolutionary], which had
taken up the restoration of the Nepali seats as its main agenda, came in second
with 11 MLAs. While SJP received 31.49% of the votes SC[R], received 20.58%.
Mr. Bhandari went on to form the Government with the support of the One elected
Independent and the 4 MLAs of the Sikkim Prajatantra Congress. This alignment
would go on merge into the Congress [I].
Just as 1974 had won the people of Sikkim the right to vote,
in 1979, the people realised that they could also contest, even as
Independents. It has to be the excitement of exercising this new right that saw
a staggering 108 Independents contest the 1979 elections. What is more, one of
them even won. Between themselves, the Independents accounted for 16.50% of the
votes, slightly fewer than Mr. Poudyal’s party and slightly more than the Janta
Party into which LD Kazi had by then merged his party.
In 1984, Mr. Bhandari was dropped by the Congress high-command
on corruption charges [resolved only recently with his conviction on two
counts]. The move backfired politically and the Congress was soon reduced to a
minority by a near complete defection into the new party launched by Mr. Bhandari
- the Sikkim Sangram Parishad. In a way, the 1985 elections were about getting
Mr. Bhandari back into power and the campaign was run in a strong anti-Delhi
tone. It was thus a head-on collision between the SSP and the Congress [I] and
the strong play on regional pride won – 30 SSP candidates won and the party polled
62.20% votes. The Congress could muster only one MLA with 24.15% of the votes
and from among the 94 Independents, one won.
The 1989 elections in Sikkim are widely believed to have
been less than fair with the rampant electoral mechanisations, dominant elsewhere
in India at that time, also alleged in Sikkim. The list of candidates in fray reflects
this to some extent. Till 1985, parties of all colours and a strong number Independents
jumped into the electoral fray, but in 1989, the numbers dwindled drastically.
In 1979, there were 244 candidates in the fray, in 1989, this dropped to 118.
Only three regional political parties and Congress [I] fielded candidates. SSP bagged
70.41% of the votes.
When elections came calling again in 1994, the Chamling-led
Sikkim Democratic Front wave had swept through Sikkim with its “Bhandari Hatao,
Sikkim Bachao” slogan and promise of returning democracy to an oppressively
stifled Sikkim. This wave was peaking at the time when the Income Tax issue
ambushed Sikkim and Mr. Bhandari was dethroned by his own legislators. The SDF
battle-cry against Bhandari lost some sting because he was already ousted. There
were however two more issue in the electoral fire – Income Tax and a parallel move
by Bhandari-adherents to get him back to power. Those must have been confusing
times for the voters on how to vote and also the politicians on how to rally support.
The confusion reflects in the vote-share because there appeared to be enough
voters who wanted Mr. Bhandari’s second mid-term eviction from power to be avenged.
The SDF wave however held strong and it emerged as the party with the largest
vote share of 42% and 19 MLAs. SSP was close second with 35.08% of the votes
and 10 MLAs and Congress, which was the caretaker government in power at the
time, managing 15.02%. The number of candidates swelled to 186 in 1994.
The 1999 elections were seen as a vote on SDF’s performance in
government and whether it had succeeded in institutionalising democracy as it
had promised. The election was also promoted as a test on whether Mr. Bhandari
still commanded a following in the State. SDF received a thumbs up with a
majority shares of the votes at 52.32% and five more constituencies. The
results also reflected that SSP was also still relevant because even it
improved its vote share, although it recorded a drop in the number of MLAs this
was good for. The Congress was no longer relevant, managing only 3.67% of the
votes. Although 1 Independent candidate won, their participation had dropped to
only 9 in 1999.
The elections in 2004 elections were still livelier in
comparison. Free expression had gained ground in the 10 years that SDF had been
in power and a healthier media had developed to report more extensively on the
elections. There were many daily newspapers in Sikkim by 2004 and a resurgent Congress
[I], with Mr. Bhandari in its fold along with a slew of disgruntled former SDF
members kept up a ‘silent wave’ murmur. Its planning however left a lot to be
desired and disorganisation led to 4 constituencies being won by the SDF without
a contest even before the State went to polls. The list of candidates, apart from
the heavyweights was lackluster across the board, but the contest was violent [by
Sikkim standards till then] and the rumour mills kept busy. The electorate,
however, had made up its mind. 71.09% of the votes – a record endorsement in Sikkim’s
electoral history - were cast in favour of the SDF. The Congress managed only
26.13% and the others – BJP, CPM, SHRPP and SSP did not even break the double-digit
mark, in fact, the other parties could not even convince 1% of the voters to vote
for them.
2009 saw a replay of 2004 with SDF improving on its presence
in the Assembly from 31 to a complete rout of 32/32. It is still fresh enough
in people’s mind to require a recount at present. In a way, the situation from
2004 onwards has remained more or less unchanged with only the belligerence of
campaigning and the aggression on display raised some notches and the rebellion
from within SDF adding a new dimension to the equation. Media has also changed
in the years and while this has definitely improved on the speed at which
information is shared, it remains to be seen whether media has any influence on
how Sikkim votes.
The state will vote today, Saturday, and aptly again [as in
2009], their verdict will be known on State Day, 16 May…
[The above is an
edited and updated version of the article first published in NOW! issue dated
29 April 2009]
THIS
IS HOW PARTIES PERFORMED IN SIKKIM ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS IN THE PAST 4 DECADES
1974
Sikkim
National Congress: 31
Sikkim
National Party: 1
Total:
32
1979
Party name No. of Number No. of %
Candidates elected Votes share
CPI-M 02 00 241 00.33%
INC 12 00 1,476 02.04%
JP 30 00 9534 13.18%
SSCL 02 00 85 00.12%
SCR 27 11 14,889 20.58%
SJP 31 16 22,776 31.49%
SPC 32 04 11,400 15.76%
Indp 108 01 11,938 16.50%
Total: 244 32 72,339
1985
CPI 02 00 25 00.03%
CPI-M 01 00 336 00.35%
INC 32 01 23,440 24.15%
JP 20 00 913 00.94%
SPC 14 00 438 00.45%
SSP 32 30 60,371 62.20%
Indp 94 01 11,534 11.88%
Total: 195 32 97,057
1989
INC 31 00 24,121 18.05%
RSP 31 00 11,472 08.59%
SSP 32 32 94,078 70.41%
DPC 04 00 298 00.22%
Indp 20 00 3,650 02.73%
Total: 118 32 1,33,619
1994
BJP 03 00 274 00.16%
CPI-M 02 00 270 00.16%
INC 31 02 26,045 15.02%
RSP 11 00 2,906 01.68%
SDF 32 19 72,856 42.00%
SSP 31 10 60,851 35.08%
Indp 76 01 10,255 05.91%
Total: 186 32 1,73,457
1999
CPI-M 02 00 398 0.19%
INC 31 00 7,512 3.67%
SDF 31 24 1,07,214 52.32%
SSP 32 07 85,827 41.88%
Indp 09 01 3,976 01.94%
Total: 105 32 2,04,927
2004
BJP 04 00 667 00.34%
CPI-M 01 00 144
00.07%
INC 28 01 51,329 26.13%
SDF 32 31 1,39,662 71.09%
SHRP 09 00 1,123 00.57%
SSP 01 00 90 0.05%
Indp 16 00 3,450 01.76
2009
BJP 11 00 1,966 00.78%
CPM 03 00 272 00.11%
INC 32 00 69,612 27.64%
NCP 11 00 1,065 01.19%
SDF 32 32 1,65,991 65.91%
SGPP 27 00 2,909 01.34%
SHRPP 20 00 5,516 02.19%
SJEP 06 00 497 00.20%
IND 25 00 4,023 01.60%
Total 167 32 2,51,851
[CPI-M-
Communist Party of India (Marxist; INC- Indian National Congress; JP- Janata
Party; SSCL- Sikkim Scheduled Castes League; SCR- Sikkim Congress
(Revolutionary); SJP- Sikkim Janata Parishad; SPC- Sikkim Prajatantra Congress;
Indp- Independents; SSP- Sikkim Sangram Parishad; RSP- Rising Sun Party; DPC-
Denzong Peoples Chogpi; BJP- Bharatiya Janata Party; RSP- Revolutionary
Socialist Party; SDF- Sikkim Democratic Front; SJEP- Sikkim Jan Ekta Party;
Sikkim Gorkha Prajatantrik Party]